Electromagnetic radiation is a form of energy consisting of
a magnetic field plus an electrical field. Cell phone
radiation is one form of electromagnetic radiation. All
electromagnetic radiation falls within a spectrum that can
range from extremely low frequency radiation, or ELFs, on
the low end, to microwaves, X-Rays and gamma rays at the
upper end. For example, electrical power lines and wiring in
our homes operate in the 60 Hertz frequency which is found
at the low end of the spectrum. AM radio operates at one
megahertz while most cell phones operate in the range of 800
to 2200 megahertz. These frequencies are substantially
higher than 60 Hertz. At the high end of the energy spectrum
we find X-Rays that operate at more than one million
megahertz.
This kind of radiation energy is also known as “ionizing”
radiation since these radio waves are so powerful that they
can break chemical bonds in the body and cause genetic
damage.
Radiation at the low end of the spectrum is known as
“non-ionizing” radiation and radiation of this kind is
generated by such devices as cell phones, cell phone towers,
wireless routers, WiFi, etc. This form of radiation is too
weak to break chemical bonds and is one reason why many
falsely believe that cell phone radiation is harmless. When
the radio wave from a cell phone is oscillating at 800 to
2200 megahertz, (or two thousand two hundred million cycles
per second) it is moving much too fast for the body to
detect.
The body simply cannot recognize a radio wave moving at this
speed and thus it moves invisibly through the body without
detection. Radiation moving this fast could only be
recognized if it were driven by a very strong source of
power. If the power driving a radio wave is of sufficient
strength the wave could cause damage through the heating of
biological tissue. Since cell phones aren’t strong enough to
heat biological tissue the mechanism by which cell phone
radiation causes harm occurs in a different manner. This
mechanism will be explained in a different section of this
report.
Helpful Terms to Understand
Electricity is simply the flow of electrons. This can occur
over a high power transmission line or through wiring in the
home or office. Whenever electricity passes through a wire
two fields of force are created. One is an electrical field
and the other is a magnetic field. In the United States
electrical current reverses direction 60 times each second
and thus is called alternating current, or AC. The cycles of
current are measured in a unit called Hertz (Hz) so named
for the German physicist Heinrich Hertz. Hertz is simply
defined as the number of cycles per second.
Electrical current in the U.S. operates at 60 Hz while
electricity in most other parts of the world operates at 50
Hz. Most electric power in the U.S. is of an extremely low
frequency, i.e., under 3000 Hz. As frequencies increase, the
distance between one wave and the next becomes shorter and
shorter. Consequently, there is a greater amount of energy
generated in the field. Shorter wavelengths mean greater
energy. Electrical fields can be shielded rather easily by
using metallic barriers. However, magnetic fields, such as
those in the 60 Hz range, will easily penetrate through most
any barrier and become very difficult, if not impossible, to
shield.
It’s important to understand the term Hertz (Hz) since it is
used commonly to express the frequencies of appliances and
devices like cell phones and microwave ovens. Megahertz
(MHz) is one million hertz and gigahertz (GHz) is one
billion hertz or one billion cycles per second. Most cell
phones operate in the frequency range of 800 to 2200
megahertz. To make a comparison, the human heart being
dependent upon electrical function, beats in a frequency of
2 Hz, or two cycles per second. Most electrical activity of
the human body operates in the hertz range. Another
important term is gauss, or milligauss (mG). This unit
measures the intensity of the magnetic field. It was so
named for the German astronomer and mathematician Karl
Gauss.
A milligauss is one one-thousandth of one gauss. As an
example, the earth has a natural magnetic field that has
been measured to be about 0.5 gauss. Since humans have been
exposed to the earth’s natural magnetic field from the
beginning of their existence this natural magnetic field is
not harmful to the human body. However, power lines,
electrical appliances, electrical wiring, cell phones, etc.
all give off magnetic fields that are not natural to
mankind. The intensity of these fields is expressed through
the term milligauss. Abnormalities in embryos can be
produced from magnetic fields as little as one milligauss.
(11) Studies have shown a 500% increase in the risk of
childhood leukemia, lymphomas and brain tumors in children
exposed to power lines generating an electromagnetic field
of only four milligauss. (12)
Most scientists believe we should be exposed to no more than
1 mG. Small handheld meters called gaussmeters can be
purchased inexpensively to measure the electromagnetic field
in the home and office. However, the gaussmeter only
measures the intensity of the magnetic field. It does not
measure the wireless signal or information-carrying radio
wave. Hertz measures frequency and milligauss measures
intensity. Keep those terms in mind as you read information
about devices such as cell phones and common household
appliances.
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